National Vaccine Coverage Survey 2020: methods and operational aspects.

OBJECTIVE: The national vaccination coverage survey on full vaccination at 12 and 24 months of age was carried out to investigate drops in coverage as of 2016. METHODS: A sample of 37,836 live births from the 2017 or 2018 cohorts living in capital cities, the Federal District, and 12 inner cities with 100 thousand inhabitants were followed for the first 24 months through vaccine record cards. Census tracts stratified according to socioeconomic levels had the same number of children included in each stratum. Coverage for each vaccine, full vaccination at 12 and 24 months and number of doses administered, valid and timely, were calculated. Family, maternal and child factors associated with coverage were surveyed. The reasons for not vaccinating analyzed were: medical contraindications, access difficulties, problems with the program, and vaccine hesitancy. RESULTS: Preliminary results showed that less than 1% of children were not vaccinated, full coverage was less than 75% at all capitals and the Federal District, vaccines requiring more than one dose progressively lost coverage, and there were inequalities among socioeconomic strata, favorable to the highest level in some cities and to the lowest in others. CONCLUSION: There was an actual reduction in full vaccination in all capitals and the Federal District for children born in 2017 and 2018, showing a deteriorating implementation of the National Immunization Program from 2017 to 2019. The survey did not measure the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may have further reduced vaccination coverage.

Zika Brazilian Cohorts (ZBC) Consortium: Protocol for an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis of Congenital Zika Syndrome after Maternal Exposure during Pregnancy.

Despite great advances in our knowledge of the consequences of Zika virus to human health, many questions remain unanswered, and results are often inconsistent. The small sample size of individual studies has limited inference about the spectrum of congenital Zika manifestations and the prognosis of affected children. The Brazilian Zika Cohorts Consortium addresses these limitations by bringing together and harmonizing epidemiological data from a series of prospective cohort studies of pregnant women with rash and of children with microcephaly and/or other manifestations of congenital Zika. The objective is to estimate the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations and to characterize the full spectrum and natural history of the manifestations of congenital Zika in children with and without microcephaly. This protocol describes the assembly of the Consortium and protocol for the Individual Participant Data Meta-analyses (IPD Meta-analyses). The findings will address knowledge gaps and inform public policies related to Zika virus. The large harmonized dataset and joint analyses will facilitate more precise estimates of the absolute risk of congenital Zika manifestations among Zika virus-infected pregnancies and more complete descriptions of its full spectrum, including rare manifestations. It will enable sensitivity analyses using different definitions of exposure and outcomes, and the investigation of the sources of heterogeneity between studies and regions.

Reanálise da vacina tetravalente (RRV-TV) no contexto da prevenção das gastrenterites por rotavírus / Review of a tetravalent vaccine (RRT-TV) for prevention of gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus

Os rotavírus são considerados a principal causa de gastrenterite grave em crianças abaixo de cinco anos, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. A vacinação nos primeiros meses de vida se constitui na medida mais efetiva em saúde pública para o controle e prevenção das infecções por tais agentes. Não obstante o recente licenciamento de duas vacinas para uso corrente em lactentes (Rotarix® e RotaTeq®), as pesquisas prosseguem com novas alternativas de prevenção e tratamento. Neste contexto, procedeu-se à reanálise da Rhesus-Human Reassortant Rotavirus Tetravalent Vaccine (RRV-TV), com ênfase à eficácia clínica frente aos parâmetros clínicos, aos sorotipos mais prevalentes na região, à ocorrência de eventos adversos graves (intussuscepção) e a proteção seletiva aos quadros de maior gravidade. Os dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram obtidos das fichas clínicas de 91 episódios diarreicos em crianças no âmbito de uma investigação prévia conduzida em Belém, Pará. Foram considerados como indicadores de gravidade, os parâmetros clínicos e um sistema de escores, comumente aplicado aos estudos de eficácia da RRV-TV. Os resultados mais expressivos do estudo, como a significativa proteção (p 14 relacionados ao sorotipo G2, a eficácia de 75 por cento contra os episódios mais graves, são discutidos à luz do contexto atual dos conhecimentos sobre o tema.

Rotaviruses are considered the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children under five years of age, especially in developing countries. Vaccination in the first months is the most effective public health action for the control and prevention of infections by such agents. Despite the recent licensing of two vaccines for use in infants (Rotarix® and Rota Teq®), researchers continue to seek new alternatives for prevention and treatment. Herein, we provide a review of the Rhesus-Human Reassortant Rotavirus Tetravalent Vaccine (RRV-TV), with an emphasis on its clinical efficacy as regards clinical parameters, the most prevalent serotypes in the region, the occurrence of severe adverse events (e.g., intussusception), and selective protection in the most severe cases. The clinical and epidemiological data were obtained from medical records pertaining to 91 episodes of diarrhea among children in a previous investigation conducted in Belém, Pará State, Brazil. Clinical patterns and a scoring system commonly used in studies on the efficacy of RRV-TV were considered as indicators of severity. The most impressive results of this study, such as a significant protection (p 14 related to serotype G2, a 75 percent efficacy rate against severe episodes, and the non-occurrence of intussusception, are discussed in the context of current knowledge on this issue.

Molecular characterization of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis from Belém, Pará, Brazil / Caracterização molecular de norovírus, sapovírus e astrovírus em crianças com gastroenterite aguda em Belém, Pará, Brasil

The importance of norovirus (NoVs), sapovirus (SaVs) and human astrovirus (HAstVs) as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks are already well-defined, but a few studies have described sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by these viral entities. The aim of this study was to determine the role of these viruses in the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children enrolled to participate in hospital – and emergency department – based intensive surveillance carried out in Belém, Brazil, from March to September 2003. A total of 305 stool specimens from patients with severe gastroenteritis were collected and screened by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using the specific primers Mon 269 and Mon 270 for HAstVs, p289 and p290 for human calicivirus (HuCVs), and Mon 431/433 and Mon 432/434 for NoVs. Sequencing of RT-PCR HAstV, HuCVs and NoVs amplicons was carried out using the same primers. Of the 305 samples tested, 96 (31.5 percent) were positive, with 51 diagnosed as HuCVs, 40 as HAstVs and five as mixed infections. Of the 56 (18.4 percent) HuCVs sequenced, 30 were NoVs (9.8 percent) of genogroups GI-4 and GII-4, and 15 (4.9 percent) were SaVs of types GI-1, GI-2 and GII-1. HAstVs, including genotypes 1, 8 and 2, were detected in 45 (14.7 percent) samples. This study has highlighted the importance of these viruses as causes of acute gastroenteritis and established the circulation of different genotypes during the study period. These results reinforce the need for establishing an intensive surveillance for gastroenteritis caused by these viruses to assess the burden of disease and to monitor the circulation of genotypes.

A importância dos norovírus (NoVs), sapovírus (SaVs) e astrovírus humanos (HAstVs) como causa de surtos de gastroenteritis já está bem definida. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm descrito casos esporádicos de gastroenterites aguda causados por esses agentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o papel destes vírus na etiologia da gastroenterite aguda em crianças atendidas durante uma vigilância intensiva realizada em hospitais e ambulatórios de Belém, Brasil, de março a setembro de 2003. Um total de 305 espécimes fecais de pacientes com gastrenterite grave foram coletados e testados por reação em cadeia da polimerase precedida de transcrição reversa (RT-PCR), utilizando iniciadores específicos Mon 269 e Mon 270 para os HAstVs; p289 e p290 para os calicivírus humanos (HuCVs); e Mon 431/433 e Mon 432/434 para os NoVs. Sequenciamento dos amplicons de HAstV, HuCVs e NoVs, obtidos por RT-PCR, foi realizado usando os mesmos iniciadores. Das 305 amostras testadas, 96 (31,5 por cento) apresentaram resultados positivos, sendo que 51 diagnosticadas como HuCVs, 40 como HAstVs e cinco infecções mistas. Das 56 (18,4 por cento) amostras de HuCVs sequenciadas, 30 foram NoVs (9,8 por cento) pertencentes aos genogrupos GI-4 e GII-4, e 15 (4,9 por cento) SaVs dos grupos GI-1, GI-2 e GII-1. HAstVs foram detectados em 45 (14,7 por cento) das amostras, incluindo os genótipos 1, 8 e 2. Esta pesquisa ressalta a importância destas viroses como causa de gastrenterite aguda e demonstra a circulação de diferentes genótipos durante o período de estudo. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de se estabelecer uma vigilância intensiva das gastrenterite causadas por estes vírus, de forma a poder avaliar o impacto da doença e monitorar os genótipos circulantes.

Mononucleose infecciosa em crianças e adolescentes de Belém, Pará, Brasil: abordagem clínica e soroepidemiológica / Infection mononucleosis among children and adolescent living in Belem-PA Brasil

Um total de 234 crianças e adolescentes, menores de 16 anos (média de idade = ñ 5,8 anos), com suspeita clínica de mononucleose infecciosa, foi atendido no "Serviço de Virologia Geral" do "Instituto Evandro Chagas (IEC)", no período de junho a dezembro de 1995. As amostras de soro foram testadas quanto à presença de anticorpos das classes IgG e IgM anti-Epstein Barr (EBV), através do procedimento imunoenzimático (ELISA), especificamente contra o antígeno do capsídeo viral (anti-VCA). Para tanto se utilizou o Kit da Clark Laboratories(tm) (Jamestown - NY - EUA). O objetivo deste trabalho foi de estabelecer a frequência de infecçäo primária pelo EBV, avaliando as características clínicas em crianças e adolescentes. Dentre as 234 amostras analisadas a soropositividade em termos de IgG foi de 56 por cento (131/234), sendo que 55 por cento (72/131) e 45 por cento (59/131) eram do sexo masculino e feminino, respectivamente. Em 10,6 por cento (25/234) das crianças e adolescentes com mononucleose infecciosa ativa (presença de anticorpos IgM-EBV), registramos os seguintes achados clínicos: linfadonopatias (76 por cento), febre (68 por cento), erupçäo cutânea (12 por cento) e hepatomegalia (12 por cento). Os resultados indicam que, já aos seis anos de idade, metade das crianças já foram infectadas pelo EBV